Aufbauend auf dem Vorschlag oben:
SQL-Code:
SELECT d.document_name, d.document_id, w.word
FROM documents d
INNER JOIN document_words dw
ON d.document_id = dw.document_id
LEFT JOIN words w
ON dw.word_id = w.word_id
WHERE w.word IN ('der', 'eine')
AND dw.word_id NOT IN (SELECT word_id FROM words WHERE word IN ('die', 'das'))